December 22, 2021
H.E. Ms Faouzia Boumaiza Mebarki
Chairperson
Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communication Technologies for Criminal Purposes
Your Excellency,
We, the undersigned organizations and academics, work to protect and advance human rights, online and offline. Efforts to address cybercrime are of concern to us, both because cybercrime poses a threat to human rights and livelihoods, and because cybercrime laws, policies, and initiatives are currently being used to undermine people’s rights. We therefore ask that the process through which the Ad Hoc Committee does its work includes robust civil society participation throughout all stages of the development and drafting of a convention, and that any proposed convention include human rights safeguards applicable to both its substantive and procedural provisions.
Background
The proposal to elaborate a comprehensive “international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes” is being put forward at the same time that UN human rights mechanisms are raising alarms about the abuse of cybercrime laws around the world. In his 2019 report, the UN special rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, observed, “A surge in legislation and policies aimed at combating cybercrime has also opened the door to punishing and surveilling activists and protesters in many countries around the world.” In 2019 and once again this year, the UN General Assembly expressed grave concerns that cybercrime legislation is being misused to target human rights defenders or hinder their work and endanger their safety in a manner contrary to international law. This follows years of reporting from non-governmental organizations on the human rights abuses stemming from overbroad cybercrime laws.
When the convention was first proposed, over 40 leading digital rights and human rights organizations and experts, including many signatories of this letter, urged delegations to vote against the resolution, warning that the proposed convention poses a threat to human rights.
In advance of the first session of the Ad Hoc Committee, we reiterate these concerns. If a UN convention on cybercrime is to proceed, the goal should be to combat the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes without endangering the fundamental rights of those it seeks to protect, so people can freely enjoy and exercise their rights, online and offline. Any proposed convention should incorporate clear and robust human rights safeguards. A convention without such safeguards or that dilutes States’ human rights obligations would place individuals at risk and make our digital presence even more insecure, each threatening fundamental human rights.
As the Ad Hoc Committee commences its work drafting the convention in the coming months, it is vitally important to apply a human rights-based approach to ensure that the proposed text is not used as a tool to stifle freedom of expression, infringe on privacy and data protection, or endanger individuals and communities at risk.
The important work of combating cybercrime should be consistent with States’ human rights obligations set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and other international human rights instruments and standards. In other words, efforts to combat cybercrime should also protect, not undermine, human rights. We remind States that the same rights that individuals have offline should also be protected online.
Scope of substantive criminal provisions
There is no consensus on how to tackle cybercrime at the global level or a common understanding or definition of what constitutes cybercrime. From a human rights perspective, it is essential to keep the scope of any convention on cybercrime narrow. Just because a crime might involve technology does not mean it needs to be included in the proposed convention. For example, expansive cybercrime laws often simply add penalties due to the use of a computer or device in the commission of an existing offense. The laws are especially problematic when they include content-related crimes. Vaguely worded cybercrime laws purporting to combat misinformation and online support for or glorification of terrorism and extremism, can be misused to imprison bloggers or block entire platforms in a given country. As such, they fail to comply with international freedom of expression standards. Such laws put journalists, activists, researchers, LGBTQ communities, and dissenters in danger, and can have a chilling effect on society more broadly.
Even laws that focus more narrowly on cyber-enabled crimes are used to undermine rights. Laws criminalizing unauthorized access to computer networks or systems have been used to target digital security researchers, whistleblowers, activists, and journalists. Too often, security researchers, who help keep everyone safe, are caught up in vague cybercrime laws and face criminal charges for identifying flaws in security systems. Some States have also interpreted unauthorized access laws so broadly as to effectively criminalize any and all whistleblowing; under these interpretations, any disclosure of information in violation of a corporate or government policy could be treated as “cybercrime.” Any potential convention should explicitly include a malicious intent standard, should not transform corporate or government computer use policies into criminal liability, should provide a clearly articulated and expansive public interest defense, and include clear provisions that allow security researchers to do their work without fear of prosecution.
Human rights and procedural safeguards
Our private and personal information, once locked in a desk drawer, now resides on our digital devices and in the cloud. Police around the world are using an increasingly intrusive set of investigative tools to access digital evidence. Frequently, their investigations cross borders without proper safeguards and bypass the protections in mutual legal assistance treaties. In many contexts, no judicial oversight is involved, and the role of independent data protection regulators is undermined. National laws, including cybercrime legislation, are often inadequate to protect against disproportionate or unnecessary surveillance.
Any potential convention should detail robust procedural and human rights safeguards that govern criminal investigations pursued under such a convention. It should ensure that any interference with the right to privacy complies with the principles of legality, necessity, and proportionality, including by requiring independent judicial authorization of surveillance measures. It should also not forbid States from adopting additional safeguards that limit law enforcement uses of personal data, as such a prohibition would undermine privacy and data protection. Any potential convention should also reaffirm the need for States to adopt and enforce “strong, robust and comprehensive privacy legislation, including on data privacy, that complies with international human rights law in terms of safeguards, oversight and remedies to effectively protect the right to privacy."
There is a real risk that, in an attempt to entice all States to sign a proposed UN cybercrime convention, bad human rights practices will be accommodated, resulting in a race to the bottom. Therefore, it is essential that any potential convention explicitly reinforces procedural safeguards to protect human rights and resists shortcuts around mutual assistance agreements.
Meaningful participation
Going forward, we ask the Ad Hoc Committee to actively include civil society organizations in consultations — including those dealing with digital security and groups assisting vulnerable communities and individuals — which did not happen when this process began in 2019 or in the time since.
Accordingly, we request that the Committee:
Accredit interested technological and academic experts and nongovernmental groups, including those with relevant expertise in human rights but that do not have consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the UN, in a timely and transparent manner, and allow participating groups to register multiple representatives to accommodate the remote participation across different time zones.
Ensure that modalities for participation recognize the diversity of non-governmental stakeholders, giving each stakeholder group adequate speaking time, since civil society, the private sector, and academia can have divergent views and interests.
Ensure effective participation by accredited participants, including the opportunity to receive timely access to documents, provide interpretation services, speak at the Committee’s sessions (in-person and remotely), and submit written opinions and recommendations.
Maintain an up-to-date, dedicated webpage with relevant information, such as practical information (details on accreditation, time/location, and remote participation), organizational documents (i.e., agendas, discussions documents, etc.), statements and other interventions by States and other stakeholders, background documents, working documents and draft outputs, and meeting reports.
Countering cybercrime should not come at the expense of the fundamental rights and dignity of those whose lives this proposed Convention will touch. States should ensure that any proposed cybercrime convention is in line with their human rights obligations, and they should oppose any proposed convention that is inconsistent with those obligations.
We would be highly appreciative if you could kindly circulate the present letter to the Ad Hoc Committee Members and publish it on the website of the Ad Hoc Committee.
Signatories*
1. Access Now – International
2. Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma (ALTSEAN) – Burma
3. Alternatives – Canada
4. Alternative Informatics Association – Turkey
5. AqualtuneLab – Brazil
6. ArmSec Foundation – Armenia
7. ARTICLE 19 – International
8. Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC) – Argentina
9. Asociación Trinidad/Radio Viva – Paraguay
10. Asociatia Pentru Tehnologie si Internet (ApTI) – Romania
11. Association for Progressive Communications (APC) – International
12. Associação Mundial de Rádios Comunitárias (AMARC Brasil) – Brazil
13. ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (APHR) – Southeast Asia
14. Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC) – Bangladesh
15. BlueLink Information Network – Bulgaria
16. Brazilian Institute of Public Law – Brazil
17. Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR) – Cambodia
18. Cambodian Institute for Democracy – Cambodia
19. Cambodia Journalists Alliance Association – Cambodia
20. Casa de Cultura Digital de Porto Alegre – Brazil
21. Centre for Democracy and Rule of Law – Ukraine
22. Centre for Free Expression – Canada
23. Centre for Multilateral Affairs – Uganda
24. Center for Democracy & Technology – United States
25. Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL) – International
26. Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso (CELE) – Argentina
27. Civil Society Europe
28. Coalition Direitos na Rede – Brazil
29. Código Sur – Costa Rica
30. Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) – Africa
31. CyberHUB-AM – Armenia
32. Data Privacy Brazil Research Association – Brazil
33. Dataskydd – Sweden
34. Derechos Digitales – Latin America
35. Defending Rights & Dissent – United States
36. Digital Citizens – Romania
37. DigitalReach – Southeast Asia
38. Digital Rights Watch – Australia
39. Digital Security Lab – Ukraine
40. Državljan D / Citizen D – Slovenia
41. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) – International
42. Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) – United States
43. Elektronisk Forpost Norge – Norway
44. Epicenter.works for digital rights – Austria
45. European Center For Not-For-Profit Law (ECNL) Stichting – Europe
46. European Civic Forum – Europe
47. European Digital Rights (EDRi) – Europe
48. eQuality Project – Canada
49. Fantsuam Foundation – Nigeria
50. Free Speech Coalition – United States
51. Foundation for Media Alternatives (FMA) – Philippines
52. Fundación Acceso – Central America
53. Fundación Ciudadanía y Desarrollo de Ecuador
54. Fundación CONSTRUIR – Bolivia
55. Fundación EsLaRed – Venezuela
56. Fundación Karisma – Colombia
57. Fundación OpenlabEC – Ecuador
58. Fundamedios – Ecuador
59. Garoa Hacker Clube – Brazil
60. Global Partners Digital – United Kingdom
61. GreenNet – United Kingdom
62. GreatFire – China
63. Hiperderecho – Peru
64. Homo Digitalis – Greece
65. Human Rights in China – China
66. Human Rights Defenders Network – Sierra Leone
67. Human Rights Watch – International
68. Igarapé Institute – Brazil
69. IFEX - International
70. Institute for Policy Research and Advocacy (ELSAM) – Indonesia
71. The Influencer Platform – Ukraine
72. INSM Network for Digital Rights – Iraq
73. Internews Ukraine
74. InternetNZ – New Zealand
75. Instituto Beta: Internet & Democracia (IBIDEM) – Brazil
76. Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (IDEC) – Brazil
77. Instituto Educadigital – Brazil
78. Instituto Nupef – Brazil
79. Instituto de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia do Recife (IP.rec) – Brazil
80. Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade (IRIS) – Brazil
81. Instituto Panameño de Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías (IPANDETEC) – Panama
82. Instituto para la Sociedad de la Información y la Cuarta Revolución Industrial – Peru
83. International Commission of Jurists – International
84. The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
85. IT-Pol – Denmark
86. JCA-NET – Japan
87. KICTANet – Kenya
88. Korean Progressive Network Jinbonet – South Korea
89. Laboratorio de Datos y Sociedad (Datysoc) – Uruguay
90. Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet (LAPIN) – Brazil
91. Latin American Network of Surveillance, Technology and Society Studies (LAVITS)
92. Lawyers Hub Africa
93. Legal Initiatives for Vietnam
94. Ligue des droits de l’Homme (LDH) – France
95. Masaar - Technology and Law Community – Egypt
96. Manushya Foundation – Thailand
97. MINBYUN Lawyers for a Democratic Society - Korea
98. Open Culture Foundation – Taiwan
99. Open Media – Canada
100. Open Net Association – Korea
101. OpenNet Africa – Uganda
102. Panoptykon Foundation – Poland
103. Paradigm Initiative – Nigeria
104. Privacy International – International
105. Radio Viva – Paraguay
106. Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales (R3D) – Mexico
107. Regional Center for Rights and Liberties – Egypt
108. Research ICT Africa
109. Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy & Public Interest Clinic (CIPPIC) – Canada
110. Share Foundation – Serbia
111. Social Media Exchange (SMEX) – Lebanon, Arab Region
112. SocialTIC – Mexico
113. Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network (SAFEnet) – Southeast Asia
114. Supporters for the Health and Rights of Workers in the Semiconductor Industry (SHARPS) – South Korea
115. Surveillance Technology Oversight Project (STOP) – United States
116. Tecnología, Investigación y Comunidad (TEDIC) – Paraguay
117. Thai Netizen Network – Thailand
118. Unwanted Witness – Uganda
119. Vrijschrift – Netherlands
120. West African Human Rights Defenders Network – Togo
121. World Movement for Democracy – International
122. 7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media – Arab Region
Individual experts and academics
1. Jacqueline Abreu, University of São Paulo
2. Chan-Mo Chung, Professor, Inha University School of Law
3. Danilo Doneda, Brazilian Institute of Public Law
4. David Kaye, Clinical Professor of Law, UC Irvine School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression (2014-2020)
5. Wolfgang Kleinwächter, Professor Emeritus, University of Aarhus; Member, Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace
6. Douwe Korff, Emeritus Professor of International Law, London Metropolitan University
7. Fabiano Menke, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
8. Kyung-Sin Park, Professor, Korea University School of Law
9. Christopher Parsons, Senior Research Associate, Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy at the University of Toronto
10. Marietje Schaake, Stanford Cyber Policy Center
11. Valerie Steeves, J.D., Ph.D., Full Professor, Department of Criminology University of Ottawa
* List of signatories as of 14 February 2022